To accomplish this mission, the CRMPC provides investigators with easy, low-barrier, and guided access to advanced technologies and provides rigorously standardized measurements of energy flux and fluid homeostasis in rodents. In 2019, the Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core (CRMPC) was established at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) to provide quantitative and comprehensive assessments of energy and fluid homeostasis in rodents, to assist in the dissection of complex and integrated mechanisms of metabolic disease. It follows that careful, rigorous, reproducible, integrative, and simultaneous study of all the mechanisms of energy flux is required to fully understand the impact of experimental interventions. Obesity resulting from such a small chronic imbalance illustrates the efficiency of the body, the critical importance of each input and output mechanism in governing energy balance, and the potential role of each mechanism as both a cause and therapeutic target for obesity. It has been estimated that at the population level, human obesity is a result of a sustained ≈7 kcal/d imbalance (equating to an ≈0.35% imbalance in a typical 2,000 kcal/d turnover) ( Hall et al., 2011). Obesity is a complex disease of dysregulated energy balance resulting from genetic, environmental, and behavioral causes. While cardiovascular disease remains the primary cause of death in the United States, the American Heart Association has indicated that obesity, along with hypertension, represent the primary impediments to ongoing improvements in cardiovascular health ( Roger et al., 2020 Angell et al., 2020). In parallel, hypertension is present in >30% of the global population, and there is gross overlap between these two groups ( Virani et al., 2021). Metabolic diseases characterized by increased adiposity affect >30% of the global population and have become a significant public health crisis in the past several decades ( Roger et al., 2020). Further, we include discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches for their use with rodent models, and considerations for experimental designs using these methods. ![]() We highlight selected methods for the analysis of body composition and fluid compartmentalization, electrolyte accumulation and flux, energy accumulation and flux, physical activity, ingestive behaviors, ventilatory function, blood pressure, heart rate, autonomic function, and assessment and manipulation of the gut microbiota. Here, we outline the array of specialized equipment and approaches that are employed within the Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core (CRMPC) and our collaborating laboratories within the Departments of Physiology, Pediatrics, Microbiology & Immunology, and Biomedical Engineering at the Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW), for the detailed mechanistic dissection of cardiometabolic function in mice and rats. ![]() Further, there is great utility in the development of centralized core facilities furnished with high-throughput equipment configurations and staffed with professional content experts to guide investigators and ensure the rigor and reproducibility of experimental endeavors. Rodent (mouse and rat) models are widely used to model cardiometabolic disease, and as a result, there is increasing interest in the development of accurate and precise methodologies with sufficiently high resolution to dissect mechanisms controlling cardiometabolic physiology in these small organisms. ![]() 8Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United StatesĬardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of death in the United States, and metabolic diseases such as obesity represent the primary impediment to improving cardiovascular health.7Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States.6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.5Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.4Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.3Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.2Comprehensive Rodent Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States. ![]() 1Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
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